History

27 October 1942. The Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) is established in Bethesda, MD. Throughout World War II, NMRI’s crew of scientists and researchers—some of the most brilliant minds in the military—would embark on an ambitious mission of “comprehensive research” relating to all aspects of military and especially naval problems. 
 
1942.  Building 18 was constructed.  It would be used as an animal facility in 1946 and after this be converted into laboratory space and model shops.  he first floor would be used by the Pathology Research Section of the Clinical Investigation Department.
 
1942. Development of lean body mass concept in studies of body composition.
 
June 1942.  NMRI carries out its first dental research project, an epidemiological survey.
 
February 1943. Throughout World War II, the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI)’s staff of scientific troubleshooters pioneered aviation first aid kits, insect repellents, and resuscitation devices and devised new protective measures against blast injuries, immersion foot, seasickness and sunburn. But, all of these developments would follow in the wake of its first assigned project: devising a full-proof method for desalting seawater and developing special food rations for the war’s unfortunate sea castaways.  Although there are no official statistics on how many World War II Sailors, Marines, merchant mariners and military aviators awaited rescue aboard life rafts in World War II, a conservative estimate would have been tens of thousands.  Following the loss of their ships or aircraft, the castaway would often face a gauntlet of inclement weather conditions, the threat of secondary attacks, sharks, and subsist—if “lucky”—on limited food and water rations. Without food, the average person can survive for about 21 days; and without water for about three days.  Beginning in 1943, NMRI experimented with chemically processing seawater so that it could be drunk by personnel adrift on life rafts. In February 1943, NMRI scientists developed a multi-process filtering system for desalinating seawater.  A similar, but simpler method developed by the Permutit water conditioning company in collaboration with NMRI would later be adopted for widespread use. The “Permutit-Navy Desalting Kit” contained a plastic drinking bag with a cloth filter at its base and five briquettes of desalting chemical. The castaway would collect seawater in the drinking bag, drop in a briquette, seal the bag and shake it. Within 20 minutes they would have access to a pint of fresh water that they could drink through a tube beneath the filter. Within the year, the kit would be adopted by the Army, Navy as well as American Airlines.
 
1943.  NMRI researchers develop new methods for protection of sensitive dental pulp.
 
1943.  NMRI begins study of physiological effects of cold and methods for personnel in cold environments.  In collaboration with the Naval Research Laboratory, NMRI researchers help test and evaluate various types of clothing and appliances for use in cold weather.
 
1943.  Building 119 was constructed for conducting high pressure research.  The building housed facilities for the Experimental Diving Unit, Navy Yard as well as the Submarine Medical Center, New London, CT.
 
July 1943. Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI ) reorganizes into “facilities” for: Animal Laboratories, Aviation, Bacteriology, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Chemistry and assay, Analysis, Experimental Dentistry, Diving and Underwater Physiology, Heating, Air conditioning and Ventilation, Industrial Hygiene, a Library, Nutrition, Pathology, Personal Equipment Design, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Physiology, Psychology and Statistics, Psychometric and Metabolism, Hematology, Technical Shops, Experimental Surgery, and Virology. 
 
1944.  Building 139 is constructed.  Originally the NNMC Bus Garage, it was later converted into a laboratory and work rooms for NMRI.  The building would also be used for aviation medical research, a biophysics laboratory and studies on effect of shock and vibration.
 
1945.  At a Staff Conference in Bethesda, MD, NMRI exhibits a number of devices and developments conceived during the War.  These include:
 
--Sea Water Demineralization Kit.  For making drinking water from sea water.  Kit weighs 630 grams, produces 2620 ml of potable water.
--Life Raft Ration. Fruit flavored carbohydrate candy and high fat-carbohydrate candy containing citric acid to help alleviate thirst and minimizes survivor water requirements.
--Anti-Flash Burn Cream.  For prevention of first and second degree burns from flash of explosion.  Chief active ingredient is titanium dioxide.  Standard issue and deemed highly effective in recent engagements.
--Sunburn Preventive Lipstick. Designed to protect lips from sunburn during severe exposure. Incorporates sun screening agents titanium dioxide, phenyl salicylate and umber in ordinary anti-chap stick.
--Sunburn Prevention Cream. Designed for use in life rafts. Titanium dioxide and phenyl salicylate are sunscreen agents. Antipyrene in lipoid cream base is analgesic for sunburn and minor burns.
--Cellulose Impregnated Salt Tablet. A slow dissolving tablet which causes far fewer gastric symptoms than ordinary salt tablets.
--Whole Blood Refrigerator.  NMRI designed expendable refrigerator for transporting blood by air to battle areas. Holds 16 pints of blood, uses 10pounds of ice, maintains refrigeration for 60 hours.
--Experimental Battle Dress. Coverall with built-in life jacket for prevention of flash burns, shrapnel injuries, drowning and blast concussion.  Undergoing battle trial in Pacific.
--Anti-Exposure Suit. Light weight suit designed to protect airmen bailing out over cold water. Keeps clothing dry and prevents excessive chilling.
--Prototype Anti-Exposure Boot. Designed to prevent immersion foot.  Made of cellular sponge rubber provides effective insulation when immersed.
--Semi-Rigid Litter.  Used to remove casualties from spaces too confined to permit use of Stokes or Army litters.  Light, flexible, compact, comfortable.
--Life Raft First-Aid Kits. A rugged compact kit for pneumatic rafts. Each item retains individual moisture proof covering until used.
--Insect Repellents.  Extend use of standard repellents from one-hour to over 8 hours by binding in emulsions, creams, ointments and plastics.
 
 
1946.  NMRI Building 21 is constructed.  Building contains a basement and three floors containing the experimental surgery division and NMRI’s Veterinary Services Division.
 
1947.  Building 146 is constructed to house experimental animals that took part in atomic bomb tests.
 
1947.  Use of malaria infected mosquitoes in evaluation of potential antimalarial.
 
1947. Studies on air pollution in enclosed spaces led to new designs and procedures to eliminate hazards.
 
17 February 1948. The joint UC Berkeley-Navy Medicine expedition commences in Port Said, Egypt on a journey to Capetown, South Africa.  The teams travelled via a caravan of jeeps  and trucks through Upper Egypt and Nubia (Cairo to Khartoum) and down the Sudan Road (Khartoum to Nairobi). From April to August, the Navy Unit expedition teams established a base of operations in Nairobi from where group members travelled throughout Kenya, Uganda, Sudan and the eastern Belgian Congo. Cdr. Julius Amberson and his team photographed and studied habits of tsetse flies (large blood sucking flies known to transmit “Sleeping Sickness”), and collected planorbis snails (a vector of shistosomiasis).  The Navy Unit assisted local doctors with laparotomies on natives suffering from Echinococcugranulosus (aka, “Hyper Tape Worm”).  They collected blood samples from patients suffering from debilitating diseases trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness), amoebic dysentery, blood filaria, dengue fever, hookworm, leprosy, malaria, podoconiosis (aka, “mossy foot”), relapsing-fever, schistosomiasis, and yellow fever and sent specimens to the Naval Medical School and the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) in Bethesda, MD, for study. Along the way, the team travelled through villages collecting medical intelligence, providing smallpox vaccinations, assisting in mosquito control efforts, administering chloroquine to malarial cases, donating medical supplies, and treating everything from fractures and hernias to obstetrical cases and pneumonia.¹²
 In Eastern Equatoria (South Sudan), the Navy Unit had gone in search of and found the elusive “Elephant Shrew” (named for its mobile elephantine proboscis). When these chipmunk-like creatures were first found in 1923, they were discovered to harbor a strain of malaria-type parasite similar to human malaria. Navy scientists thought the shrew was a missing link to a treatment for the dreaded disease and would serve as an ideal test-subject for anti-malarial drugs. With the help of local children, the Navy Unit collected some 250 Elephant Shrews in Eastern Equatoria and sent them to NMRI. NMRI scientists later determined that the Shrew’s malaria parasite had a peculiar cyclic course that ultimately had little value for treatment of human malaria; however, it did shed light on the “taxonomic and evolutionary” status of malaria parasites.
In late August, the Navy Unit continued down the Great North Road (through Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Transvaal) and arrived in Capetown on 19 October 1948, covering some 19,660 miles in the process. While the humanitarian aspect of their mission could be called a model of health diplomacy, the research of the Navy’s “safari scientists” was unparalleled in casting light on the medical mysteries of the African Continent. Throughout their nine-month trek from Cairo to Capetown, the Navy Medical Unit collected many thousands of rare specimens, and documented tropical diseases through photographs and film. Much of this material would later be shared with teaching and scientific institutions throughout the world for the benefit of medical education and global health research.
 
1948.  NMRI Scientists develop human gradient calorimeter, first major calorimeter developed in 50 years.
 
1949. NMRI consists of 70 scientists, about a third of whom are civilians.   It is the largest medical research activity in the Navy.   It operates in five buildings—Buildings 17 and 18 (main headquarters and laboratories), Building 21 (animal laboratories), Building 119 (Deep Sea Diving Annex and Storeroom), and Building 139 (Aviation Research and Vibration Laboratories).
 
1949. The first Bone and Tissue Bank in the World was founded at NMRI in 1949 by orthopedic surgeon named George Hyatt.   Bank was established to preserve bones and tissues for future use in reconstructive surgery.
1949.  NMRI scientists develop system of telemetry to transmit physical indices such as a person’s temperature and pulse rate through space by radio-to-radio points to physicians.
 
1950-1960s— In the 1950s and 1960s, Terzian would be among the first to experiment with radiation to assess individual immunity against malaria and use gamma rays to induce sterility in disease-carrying mosquitoes. 
 
1951. Building 156 is constructed to serve as an aviary.
 
1952.  Building 28 was constructed to house the bioenergetics laboratories for the study of human and molecular energetics including a human gradient calorimeter designed and developed by civilian scientist.
 
1956.  NMRI begins to conduct physiological studies on response of humans to artificial environments in high altitude manned flights (Stratolab program).
 
1956.  In conjunction with the Naval Blood Research Laboratory, NMRI develops process for freezing whole blood, especially rare types to preserve it for future clinical use.
 
1959. The Naval Toxicology Unit moves into NMRI Building 119.
 
1959.  NMRI develops potable, sterile water recycled from human urine.
 
1959.  Naval Tissue Bank develops techniques for cryopreservation of tissues and organs
 
1960s— As Terzian’s career was winding down in the late 1960s, NMRI’s malaria program could be called robust.  Fueled in part by the Vietnam War, NMRI conducted extensive investigations on prophylactic and curative effects of new anti-malarials, and continued research on gamma radiation resistance in mosquitoes/mosquito-borne parasites.  And in 1967, NMRI’s Division of Protozoology perfected new methods for growing large numbers of the fixed tissue stages of malaria parasites enabling greater understanding of disease transmission.

1961.  NMRI co-sponsors the Strato-Lab 5 with the Office of Naval Research.   On 4 May 1961, the laboratory (an aluminum cage suspended beneath a 411-foot hydrogen filled balloon) and two-man crew ascended from the deck of USS Antietam 138 miles southeast of New Orleans.  In less than two hours the laboratory reached 113,500 feet establishing a new altitude record for manned balloon flight.

1962.  NMRI collaborates with the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Naval Research Laboratory on a fallout shelter study.  
In the early 1960s, as tensions grew between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, President Kennedy publicly advocated for the construction of community shelters leading to what some have called a “fallout shelter craze.”
Overseeing the nationwide fallout shelter program was the Department of Defense’s newest component, the Civil Defense Office (CDO).  Established in 1961, the CDO’s mission was to prepare the public in case of nuclear fallout. In conjunction with the Army’s Corps of Engineers and the Navy’s Bureau of Yards and Docks (later known as Navy Facilities Command), the CDO surveyed existing public shelters, ensuring they were up to standards, stocking them with requisite food and supplies, and marking them with those ever-distinctive yellow and black signs.  In 1962 alone, the CDO procured 1.4 million of these aluminum fallout shelter signs.
As part of this effort of preparedness, in January 1962 the Bureau of Yards and Docks constructed an “experimental” shelter on what was then the home of the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) and the Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) in Bethesda, Md.   Measuring 25 feet wide x 48 feet long x 12 feet high, this shelter was in essence an underground Quonset hut covered in 10-gauge galvanized corrugated steel and reinforced by concrete.  It was designed to withstand a blast of 75 psi (pounds per square inch), and be resistant to fire, radiation and radioactive fallout.
Beginning in February 1962 the Bureau of Yards and Docks, NMRI and the Naval Research Laboratory collaborated on a two-week study to evaluate the habitability of similar shelters. Research subjects were selected from a pool of naval seaman apprentices who had just graduated basic training at the Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Ill. Of the 283 volunteers, 150 were selected for physical and psychiatric examinations; 96 of these—mostly teenagers—would be chosen.
The research subjects entered the shelter on February 17^th and were joined by a medical officer, two hospital corpsmen and an engineer who would act as monitors.
For two weeks (the estimated time radioactive fallout would prove the greatest threat) the subjects were confined under the watchful eye of a camera that transmitted to a video monitor at NMRI.
Inside, subjects would have access to water supplied by a 4,000-gallon storage tank; six chemical toilets partitioned off by canvas curtains and 50 bunks. Positioned in two longitudinal rows running five deep and stacked five high, the bunks took up half the livable shelter space.  It was reported that each subject had about one-tenth of the livable space available aboard a submarine. And like submarines, each participant was expected to “hot-bunk,” i.e., sharing their beds in shifts.
Power was supplied by a 10-kilowatt diesel generator located outside the shelter; generator fumes were vented through a 2.5inch steel pipe.  Although shelter was equipped with a ventilation system designed to remove atomic, biological and chemical agents, there was no artificial heat.
Hygiene and sanitation were certainly issues. The shelter was supplied with 5,600 packets of wet napkins (water was not permitted for washing), six tubes of toothpaste, 25 packages of paper towels and 13 gallons of chemical for the six toilets.  Subjects were only permitted the clothes they wore going in the shelter and one change of socks.
Each subject was expected to live on 2,000 calories a day provided by standard shelter rations of enriched crackers, dried soup, chocolate, coffee, tea, powdered milk, jam, and peanut butter.
To offset the tensions likely to arise under these conditions, the shelter was supplied with games (playing cards, pinochle decks, dominoes, checkers, Scrabble, cribbage boards, Bingo cards and four chess sets) as well as reading material (200 magazines, and 200 paperback books).  Subjects also had access to paper pads, pens, pencils; and each would be encouraged to keep their own diaries for the length of stay.  Smoking, then ever present at naval facilities, was allowed. Research subjects were permitted to bring their own cigarettes and matches; additional packages of cigarettes were supplied when needed.
Despite boredom and cramped conditions most would later report that morale remained high throughout the trial. The biggest complaints were the close confinement, lack of appetizing food and the noise levels due to snoring (which was reported to reach up to 70-78 decibels.) Respiratory infections and colds would also prove to be an issue during the trial.
The subjects exited the shelter on March 3^rd; most appearing joyous, if not a little shaky and sensitive to the light after their captivity. They were read a capsule news report of what they had missed for two weeks underground, and each were given certificates as members of the “Shelter Club.”  The participants then took part in debriefing sessions at the Naval Medical Research Institute.
In the end, the trial was deemed a success and supported the idea that people could live in a fallout shelter for an extended period of time.
The experimental shelter would again be used in August 1962 for a two-week trial to test hot weather endurance and in 1963 when 33 officers based at the Medical Center were confined “without warning.”

1962. NMRI scientist Dr. Theodor H. Benzinger invents refined and sensitive method of recording changes in human body temperatures from the tympanic membrane of the ear.

1962.  NMRI scientists develop methods to determine human body surface area and volume from measurements of height and weight.

1963.  Navy Develops Underwater Contact Lenses. CAPT Edward Louis Beckman, MC, USN of NMRI and Dr. Alan Grant, optometrist, developed the first contact lenses specifically designed for underwater use and utilized by underwater escape training tanks and underwater demolition teams.
 
1963. At the expense of the National Geographic Society, Lt. E.D. Mundth, MC, USNR (NMRI Experimental Surgery Division) flies to Katmandu, Nepal, to act as consultant in the treatment of two Everest climbers who suffered severe frostbite. Dr. Mundth administered 6-day course of therapy with experimental drug, low molecular weight dextran, to improve circulation in small vessels. On the basis of skin temperature observations and gratifying clinical improvement the treatment had improved the blood flow to questionably viable tissue and the eventual tissue loss the men was expected to be minimal.
 
1963. No Fallout against Bomb Shelter. In May 1963, a fallout trial was conducted at the National Naval Medical Center (NNMC) Bethesda, MD, where participants had no warning and no opportunity to make advanced preparations. On 13 May, a group of 33 Naval research reserve officers reported for duty at NNMC and without warning assembled in the experimental protective shelter to begin study of habitability.    Ranging in age from 29 to 57, the men were given no special briefing on the operation or use of the shelter.  Four days later after emerging from shelter they were divided into small groups for debriefing sessions in which scientists queried them about various aspects of experience.
 
1963.  NMRI scientists develop technique for restoration of facial bone.
 
March 1965. Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI), Bethesda, Md., establishes a Nursing Research Division under its Department of Behavioral Sciences.
 
1965-1972.  NMRI conducts clinical studies in transplantation of human tissues, including kidney, freeze dried skin, irradiated bone marrow, and bone sectors.
 
October 1966.  NMRI obtains a new Siemens Elmishop Electron Microscope.  Instrument replaced the then obsolete Phillips 100 microscope.
1966. Development of freeze-drying human tissue such as skin, bone and dura at the Naval Medical Research Institute (Tissue Bank). Freeze-dried tissues are used successively in reparative surgery.

1967.  NMRI occupies 12 buildings on the NNMC campus.

July 1967.  NMRI rents a mobile trailer for administrative spaces by the nursing research division of the education and training sciences department.

1968.  NMRI researchers work on remedying the problem of heat stress caused by “unventilated clothing.”   Discovering that inert gas, such as “dry helium can effect excess heat transfer from the wearer to the surrounding atmosphere and reduce the rate of increase of skin temperature,”  NMRI researchers develop comfortable biological-chemical protective.

1968-1972. NMRI discovers distinct evolutionary distances in members of the group of Rickettsiae responsible for Typhus and Spotted Fever.

1970s.  By the early 1970s, in what can be considered foundational for the future malaria research, NMRI scientists began studying the ability of irradiated sporozoites to elicit protective immunity against malaria and developed improved methods for “obtaining, separating and purifying sporozoite preparations.”
 
1972. NMRI conducts first Navy-wide recruit survey for sickle cell hemoglobin and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies.

1974. NMRI changed from a hub for Navy Medicine’s research activities to a subordinate laboratory of the Naval Medical Research and Development Command.

1981. NMRI opens one of the most sophisticated hyperbaric complexes in the world.

January 1983. Naval Medical Research Institute (NAMRID) is established in Lima, Peru. With an understanding of the Peruvian government, NAMRID focused on infectious diseases of “mutual interest” to the host nation and the U.S. Navy. Later an independent field detachment of NMRI’s successor, the Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), it was commissioned as NAMRU-6 in February 2011.

1987.  CAPT Stephen Hoffman takes the helm of NMRI’s malaria program. Over the next decades, the focus of NMRI malaria program would shift towards genomics and developing an effective vaccine against malaria.  Perhaps no one was more associated with this effort than Capt. (ret.) Stephen Hoffman, Medical Corps, USN.  From 1995 to 2005 alone, Hoffman’s was the world’s most cited author for scientific papers on malaria. As Director of the NMRI/NMRC malaria program from 1987-2000, Hoffman and his team would sequence the Plasmodium falciparum genome, lead the first studies that showed that DNA vaccines elicited killer T cell responses in humans and conceive of a whole-parasite (sporozoite) vaccine.  Today, Dr. Hoffman stands at the helm Sanaria, a biotechnology company he founded in 2003, and is one of the leading figures in the fight against malaria.  The company—named after an etymological play off “malaria” and literally meaning “healthy air”—is dedicated to the production of the PfSpz (whole parasite) vaccine.  
NMRI Diving laboratory relocates to Panama City, FL.

30 September 1998.  NMRI closes as a result of the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Act (BRAC).  The following day, NMRI’s successor organization the Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) is established as an echelon three command under the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. NMRC would serve as the headquarter laboratory for three subordinate commands and one detachment—the Naval Dental Research Institute, Great Lakes; Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2, Jakarta, Indonesia; Naval medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt; and the Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD), Lima, Peru.

01 October 1998.  NMRI is renamed the Naval Medical Research Center and relocates to Forest Glen, MD when it shares a campus with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Annex.

2003. BDRD’s Molecular Diagnostics Department completed an initial program of outfitting all the large deck ships in the Fleet with instruments, reagents, and trained personnel.

2004. The Bone Marrow Registry Directorate laboratory and donor center were moved from an older structure in Rockville, MD to a nearby new facility designed specifically for the functions of the C. W. Bill Young / DoD Marrow Program.

2005. NMRC is re-organized to an Echelon 5 Command and gained new subordinate laboratories as a part of the re-organization.

2006. NMRC was named R&D medical headquarters.

2007. NMRC’s Malaria Department created a joint U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program (USMMVP) by unifying the Navy Malaria Program and the Army Malaria Program, following a directive from the Commanding Officer, NMRC and the Director, WRAIR, and based on a recommendation by the Institute of Medicine.

2008. The Human Research Protections Program (HRPP) experienced its first oversight visit
From the Department of Navy Human Research Protections (DON HRPP)
 
2010. NMRC researchers received their first International Society of Travel Medicine research
award. The award is given to recognize research efforts to stimulate travel medicine research
by supporting comprehensive research projects. The research being conducted by the team
looks to identify the biomarkers in irritable bowel syndrome cases associated with common
causes of traveler’s diarrhea.
 
2012. BDRD’s Immunodiagnostics and Handheld Assay Department maintained ISO Guide 34 Accreditation for antibody production and testing functions by the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA), an external accreditation body. 
 
2013. BDRD’s immunology diagnostics department relocated to our new building at our new building in Fort Detrick, MD.
 
2014/2015. NMRC’s BDRD provided direct support to Operation United Assistance Ebola response in West Africa.

2016. NMRC’s Operational Medicine Program expanded a collaborative relationship with the Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, and personnel from the Senior Flight Surgeon Program, Critical Care Air Transport Team 779th, Surgical Operations Squadron Joint Base Andrews, MD to include C-STARS Cincinnati and C-STARS Baltimore.
2017. NMRC’s Operational Medicine Program entered a multi-year collaboration with the Spirit Intrepid Concussion Recovery Center – Camp Lejeune and II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF) to assess multiple at-risk populations at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune.

2018. NMRC’s Neurotrauma Department began a collaboration with the Naval Medical Center Camp Lejeune (NMCCL), NC, for two long-term studies to assess the relationship between repeated low-level blast and potential neurocognitive and/or high sensitivity physiological biomarkers in military service members.

2019. NMRC’s Enteric Diseases Department (EDD) standard organization chart was re- organized into Divisions according to capabilities and specialties needed to advance enteric disease prophylactic and therapeutic products through the acquisition pipeline. The current EDD Divisions include 1) Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2) Preclinical and Immunology, 3) Clinical and Epidemiology Research, and 4) Product Development.
2020. NMRC’s Naval Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory received the Hologic Panther Fusion and Biofire Film Arrays, to increase and maintain capabilities.

2022. BDRD first in the USG and DoD to field validate a de novo DNA sequencing to PCR assay development pipeline.

2023. NMRC’s former Infectious Diseases Directorate (IDD) completed reorganization to become Defense Infectious Diseases Directorate (DIDD) focused on functional warfighter needs.

Sources.
Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary (Health and Medical).  “Project Report: April, May and June 1968.  BUMED Library and Archives.
Naval Medical Research Institute, National Naval Medical Center Bethesda, Maryland.  Report. September 1949. BUMED Library and Archives.
Naval Medical Research Institute Inventions. Naval Medical Research Institute Report, 30 April 1945.  BUMED Library and Archives.
Shilling, Charles. History of the Research Division, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, U.S. Department of the Navy. 1 July 1974
“Significant Accomplishments of Navy Medical Research (1930-1966).”  Reference Sheet.  BUMED Library and Archives.